Confronta i migliori medici di Chirurgia di revisione della ginecomastia e i prezzi in Turchia. Trova qui la tua scelta ideale.

Scegli il paese con i migliori prezzi per i servizi medici

Confronta i prezzi di Chirurgia di revisione della ginecomastia nei principali paesi

Tocca un paese per vedere i migliori medici e i prezzi

Ukraine

Thailand

South Korea

Turkey

Mexico

Poland

$2,000 - $3,500

$2,600 - $6,000

$3,000 - $5,000

$3,400 - $4,200

$3,500 - $6,500

$3,500 - $7,000

$2,000

$4,000

$6,000

Quanto pagano davvero i pazienti Bookimed per Chirurgia di revisione della ginecomastia in Turchia

Gamma più richiesta

$2K

$3K

$4K

$5K

$6K+

$7K+

$8K+

$9K+

$2,200 – $4,000

La maggior parte dei pazienti paga in questa fascia

Il costo esatto dipende dal medico scelto, dalla tecnica, dalle aree trattate e dalle tue esigenze individuali.

Ottieni un preventivo preciso per il tuo caso.

Ricevi piani di trattamento personalizzati gratuiti e scegli l'opzione migliore. Nessun impegno · Nessun costo per i nostri servizi

Omer Buhsem

32 anni di esperienza
Località: Turchia, Bursa
Clinica:
5.0
Estetik International Bursa
Educations

Adana AnadoluCollege ( 1978-1985)
Medical School : UludagUniversityMedicalSchoolBursa (1985-1991)
Plastic Surgery Education: UludagUniversityMedical School Bursa (1994-2000)

Academic and Porfessional Appointments and societies :
Turkish Board Certified Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgeon
Chief, Division of Plastic &Reconstructive Surgery Dicle University School of Medicine, Assistant Professor(2008)
Founding President of Facial Aesthetic Surgery and Rhinoplasty Society (EYBCD) 2009
TPRCD Turkısh Society of Plastic Reconstructive an Aesthetic Surgery (member of board of directory 2008)
EPCD Turkish Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (reserve member of board of directory 2009)
Director and surgeon general of Acibadem Konur Medical Center ( 2009-2012)
ESPRAS European Society of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (member)
ISAPS The International Society of Plastic Surgery Society member
ASAPS The American Society for Aesthetic Plastic Surgery member
European Comittee For Standardisation Mirror Committee member
Experiences in Surgery: ( over 9000 surgery between 2000-2019)
Aesthetic Surgery
PlasticandReconstructiveSurgery
Hand and Microsurgery
Maxillofacial Surgery

Publications, posters and presentations
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris Dislocation Due To Sixth Compartment Rupture
Ömer Buhşem, Ahmet Karacalar, MesutÖzcan
Journal of Turkish Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Cilt 7, Sayı 3 (1999)
Nasal Dermoid Sinus Cyst
Ömer Buhşem, Ahmet Karacalar
Journal of Turkish Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Cilt 8, Sayı 2 (2000)
Retrospective Evaluation of Cleft Lip and Palate Patients Underwent Surgery In DUTF between Oct. 1987- Nov. 1999
Ömer Buhşem, Kemal Erbaş,İbrahim Aşkar
22. Turkısh Society of Plastic Reconstructive an Aesthetic Surgery Congress (2000)
Lineer Verrucosis epidermal nevus including Cornu Cutanu : casereport
İ.Aşkar, S.Aktürk, Ömer Buhşem ,H. Büyükbayram K. Erbaş,
22.Turkish Society of Plastic Reconstructive an Aesthetic Surgery Congress (2000)
Evaluation of the effects of 5-Fluorouracil application following Ratsciatic nerve repair on epineural
and extraneural scarring and nerveregeneration.
Ömer Buhşem, Yeşim Özgenel, Mesut Özcan
23. Turkish Society of Plastic Reconstructive an Aesthetic Surgery Congress (27-30 sept. 2001)
Minimal Invasive Procedures in Rhinoplasty (no osteotomy rhinoplasty)
TPRECD Rhinoplasty Winter Symposium (2007)Bursa
Laser hair removal procedures
European Academy of Cosmetic Surgery International Workshop Symposium İstanbul 2007
Tripollar Radiofrequency
European Academy of Cosmetic Surgery International Workshop Symposium İstanbul 2007
Focused Ultrasonic Fat Emulsification
European Academy of Cosmetic Surgery International Workshop Symposium İstanbul 2007
“ Latest development tendencies concerning face and body RF therapy”
7. International Congress on Aesthetic Medicine 2008 Moscow
No osteotomy rhinoplasty
Turkish – Azerbajian Plastic Surgery Days (2008) Bakü-Azerbajian
Tripollar RF treatments for circumference reduction and non-surgical face lift
European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology 5th EADVSpring Symposium (2008) İstanbul
Mini Rhinoplasty (no osteotomy rhinoplasty)
XXI.SOFCEPSociétéFrançaise desChirurgiensEsthétiquesPlasticiens,Euro-MéditerranéenCongrés(2008 ) France - Paris

Tripollar RF technology for nonsurgical skin tightening and cellulite treatment
VI.İnternational Plastic Surgery Course I. International Anti-Aging Symposium (2008) Ekaterinburg- Russia
New Medlite technology Photo-Acoustic Pulse therapy
Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Society 12th National Congress Minimal Invasive Surgery Course (2008) İstanbul
A new vaginal stent material:Alginate
22. Turkish Society of Plastic Reconstructive an Aesthetic Surgery Congress (2008)Antalya
No osteotomy rhinoplasty : Algoritm
22. Turkish Society of Plastic Reconstructive an Aesthetic Surgery Congress (2008)Antalya
Axillar Brachial Plexus Blockage by Plasticsurgeons
23. Turkish Society of Plastic Reconstructive an Aesthetic Surgery Congress (2008)Antalya
TriPollar RF Non-Surgical Face Lift & Skin Tightening - Long Term Results
White paper 2008
My approach to aesthetic rhinoplasty
Facial Aesthetic Surgery and Rhinoplasty Society Rhinoplasty days (2009) Istanbul
No Osteotomy Rhinoplasty
Facial Aesthetic Surgery and Rhinoplasty Society Rhinoplasty days (2009) Istanbul
Laser Treatments in facialrejuvenations
TPRECD Winter symposium ( 2010) Bolu Kartalkaya
Non irritatingAHA treatments inDermatology
TPRECD Winter symposium ( 2010) Bolu Kartalkaya
Non invasive weight loss with low level diode laser
Turkish Society of Plastic Reconstructive an Aesthetic Surgery Winter symposium (2011) Uludag
Mini rhinoplasty (rhinoplasty without osteotomy)
Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Society National Congress (2012) Istanbul
Mini Rhinoplasty (no osteotomy rhinoplasty)
5th EASAPS The European Association of Societies of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Meeting (2012) Istanbul
Minimal invasive rhinoplasty (mini rhinoplasty)
TPRECD V. Rhinoplasty course (2012) Ankara
Mini Rhinoplasty (no osteotomy rhinoplasty)
Seoul Rhinoplasty Forum ( 2012) Seoul South Korea
No osteotomy rhinoplasty ( desicion of osteotomy)
TPRECD II Istanbul International Rhinoplasty Course (2013) Istanbul

Columelar surgery and softrhinoplasty
TPRECD VII. Rhinoplasty course (2014) Izmir
Increasing Topical Anesthetic Efficacy with MicroneedleApplication
Ömer Buhsem, Alper Aksoy, Yavuz Kececi, Emin Sir & Melike Güngör (2016)
Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy, DOI: 10.3109/14764172.2016.1157362
Skin Resurfacing
Grabb and Smith Plastik Cerrahi 7. Baskı Kısım 5, 41 Türkçe çeviri (2016)
Organic Dermal implant revolution: new molecule introduction
Kuwait Derma Update and Laser Symposium VIII, Kuwait (2017)
Natural injectable implant : agarose gel
The 12.th International Conference of Aesthetic and Antiaging Medicine Warsaw Poland (2017)
Facial Applications with Radiofrequency Energy, Review
Journal Türkiye Klinikleri Plastik Cerrahi Cilt:7, Sayı:1 (2018)
Nonsurgical Rhinoplasty with Agarose gel
International Medical Aesthetic Conference Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia (2018)
Agarose gel : a natural injectable implant and volumizer
Dubai Derma World Dermatology and Laser Conference Dubai (2018)
Dermal fillers (DAS)
TPRECD 40. Ulusal Kurultayı Antalya (2018)
Botilinum toksin ve dolgu uygulamaları
Plastik Cerrahi Asistan Okulu, Antalya (2019)
Filler Complications and Management
23. Ulusal Estetik Plastik Cerrahi Kongresi İstanbul (2019)
Midface and zygoma volumizing with agarose gel
SIES International Aesthetic Medicine and Surgery Congress Bologna Italy (2019)
Mostra di più

Visita dal medico

Prezzo su richiesta

Sezi Ceylan

17 anni di esperienza
Località: Turchia, Bursa
Clinica:
5.0
Estetik International Bursa
Education

1995-2002 Karatay Anatolian High School, Konya
2002-2008 Selçuk University, Selçuklu Medical Faculty, Konya
Residency:
2009-2014 Plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgery residency, Eskişehir Osmangazi University, School of Medicine, Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Eskişehir, Turkey

Work experience

2009-2014 Research Assistant at Eskişehir Osmangazi University, School of Medicine,
2014-2016 Yüksek İhtisas Research and Training Hospital, Bursa
2016-2017 Bursa Private Jimer Hospital, Bursa
2018-2020 Yüksek İhtisas Research and Training Hospital, Bursa
2020-present Private practice
Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Eskişehir

CERTIFICATES EBOPRAS

European Board of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery; 2014-Helsinki, 2015-Brussels
Membership in organizations

Turkish Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Association

Aesthetic Plastic Surgery Associatio

SCIENTIFIC PUBLICATIONS
Articles published in national peer-reviewed journals:
1-Tamer Şakrak, Sezi Mangır, Ahmet Kormutlu, Ozlem Cemboluk, Ozgen Kıvanc, Aydın Tekgoz; Retrospective analysis of 1205 hand injury cases; Turkish Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery – 17(3);134-138,2009

2-Tamer Şakrak, Sezi Mangır, Ahmet Körmutlu, Özlem Cemboluk; Retrospective Analysis of Our Electric Injury Cases; Turkish Journal of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery -19(1); 1-4, 2011

Articles published in international peer-reviewed journals:
1. Karabagli Y, Kose AA, Mangir S, Cetin C.; e-Flap Nipple Reconstruction in Amputation Mammaplasty; Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2012
2. Karabağlı Y, Kocman EA, Velipaşaoğlu M, Kose AA, Ceylan S, Cemboluk O, Cetin C.: Labia Majora Augmentation with De-epithelialized Labial Rim (Minora) Flaps as an Auxiliary Procedure for Labia Minora Reduction. Aesthetic Plast Surg. 2015 Jun;39(3):289-93

Papers presented at national scientific meetings and published in the proceedings book:
1-Tamer Şakrak, Sezi Mangır, Ahmet Körmutlu, Aydan Köse, Yakup Karabağlı, Cengiz Çetin; Retrospective analysis of electrical burn patients hospitalized in our burn unit; xxxi. Turkish plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgery national congress, Adana; p: 53
2-Tamer Şakrak, Sezi Mangır, Ahmet Körmutlu, Özlem Cemboluk, Aydan Köse, Yakup Karabağlı, Cengiz Çetin; Our 5-year screening results of our clinic in hand surgery cases; xxxi. Turkish plastic, reconstructive and aesthetic surgery national congress, Adana; p: 160

Papers presented at international scientific meetings and published in the proceedings book:
1- Sezi Mangır, A. Aydan Köse, Özlem Cemboluk, Yakup Karabağlı, Cavit Can, Cengiz Çetin; Penil Squamouse Cell Carsinom and Dynamic Sentinel Node Biopsy; Mayo Clinic- Selcuk University plastic surgery special joint meeting, Konya 2011
Mostra di più

Visita dal medico

Prezzo su richiesta

Bookimed Insights: Principali specialisti in Chirurgia di revisione della ginecomastia in Turchia (2026)

Bookimed ha coordinato 2 richieste per Chirurgia di revisione della ginecomastia in Turchia, collaborando con 2 specialisti di alto livello. I medici in questa tabella sono selezionati in base alle loro credenziali internazionali, esperienza clinica e risultati dei pazienti. La classifica del 2026 è composta da dati verificati su casi reali e dai programmi attuali delle nostre cliniche partner.

Classifica	Medico	esperienza	Buona scelta per	Cosa li distingue	Clinica e posizione	Consulto

FAQ

Queste domande frequenti provengono da pazienti reali che cercano assistenza medica tramite Bookimed. Le risposte sono fornite da coordinatori medici esperti e rappresentanti affidabili delle cliniche.

What communication language and after-hours support can I expect from Turkish gynecomastia-revision surgeons who commonly treat international patients?

Turkish surgeons for gynecomastia revision provide multilingual coordinators and 24/7 digital support via messaging apps. Top specialists like Dr. Halil Ibrahim Canter often hold international fellowships. These clinics bridge language gaps through dedicated translators while maintaining after-hours medical assistance for international patients.

Academic credentials: Many specialists hold European Board (EBOPRAS) certification or international society memberships.
Bilingual support: Patient coordinators facilitate English communication even if surgeons focus on surgery.
Digital monitoring: Teams review recovery photos and videos daily during the early healing phase.
International training: Surgeons often train in the US or UK for complex revision techniques.

Bookimed Expert Insight: Data shows a clear trend where surgeons at JCI-accredited clinics, such as those at Memorial Şişli or Liv Hospital, utilize specialized medical assistants rather than general tourism staff for post-op queries. Dr. Yunus Emre Seker, for example, brings experience from world-class transplant teams, illustrating the high level of reconstructive precision available for complex revision cases.

Patient Consensus: Patients note that WhatsApp is the essential tool for staying connected with the clinic after hours. While coordinators are very responsive before the procedure, patients suggest confirming exactly who will answer medical questions during the first week home. They emphasize that having a clear interpreter setup helps when discussing specific anatomical concerns like scarring or contouring.

Which internationally accredited plastic surgeons in Turkey specialize in gynecomastia revision surgery?

Internationally accredited plastic surgeons in Turkey specialize in complex gynecomastia revision surgery by joining elite surgical boards and maintaining rigorous training. Professionals like Dr. Derya Bingol and Dr. Hakan Bulam hold European Board (EBOPRAS) certifications. These specialists correct primary surgery issues like asymmetry and leftover tissue in JCI-accredited hospitals.

Specialized certification: Dr. Hakan Bulam holds FEBOPRAS certification after completing advanced fellowships in Helsinki and Brussels.
Academic expertise: Prof. Dr. Furkan Karabekmez brings Mayo Clinic research experience to complex male chest contouring.
Microsurgical training: Dr. Ali Sadioglu and Dr. Caner Gelbal use microsurgery skills for precise tissue remodeling.
High-volume experience: Dr. Omer Buhsem has performed over 9,000 surgeries, focusing on reconstructive aesthetic techniques.

Bookimed Expert Insight: Data shows that top Turkish specialists often dual-qualify in both aesthetic and reconstructive microsurgery to manage internal scarring. Dr. Halil Ibrahim Canter even invented a system for reconstructive osteogenesis. This background is vital for fixing over-resection or indentation from previous surgeries, which simple liposuction cannot address.

Patient Consensus: Patients emphasize that successful revision requires a custom plan for scar tissue and nipple symmetry. Many note that seeing specific before and after photos of male chest reconstructions is more important than general gallery results. They also suggest asking how the surgeon handles leftover glands versus hard fibrosis.

How many gynecomastia revision cases must a Turkish surgeon have performed to be considered highly experienced?

Turkish surgeons are considered highly experienced after performing 500+ chest reduction cases. For complex revisions, experts typically have an accumulated lifetime volume of 900 to 1,100+ surgeries. These veterans often manage caseloads where 40% of patients require correction of previous results.

Surgical benchmark: Leading surgeons complete 500+ annual chest and body contouring procedures.
Expert volume: Established experts often exceed 1,000 career surgeries for male chest reduction.
Revision specialization: Highly skilled doctors maintain documented internal reoperation rates under 0.8%.
Board certification: Top practitioners hold European Board of Plastic Surgery (EBOPRAS) certificates.

Bookimed Expert Insight: Data shows that the most qualified revision surgeons in Turkey, such as Dr. Murat Yaman and Dr. Halil Ibrahim Canter, combine high annual procedure counts with specialized microsurgery training. For instance, Dr. Yaman performs 500-600 surgeries yearly at Lokman Hekim Istanbul Hospital, while Dr. Ali Sadioglu ranked in the top 1% of Turkish doctors before specialized training at Gazi University.

Patient Consensus: Patients often mention feeling relieved when surgeons use VASER technology to handle tough scar tissue. Many note that experience shows through the surgeon's ability to fix uneven results from their first surgery. Patients feel more confident when they see the doctor maintains international certifications like ISAPS.

What credentials should patients verify before choosing a gynecomastia revision surgeon in Turkey?

Patients choosing gynecomastia revision in Turkey must verify Turkish Society of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgeons (TSPRAS) membership. Qualified surgeons often hold European Board (EBOPRAS) certification. These credentials demonstrate advanced skills in managing scar tissue and tissue asymmetries from previous surgeries.

Board certification: Verify the surgeon holds official Turkish Board or EBOPRAS certification in plastic surgery.
International memberships: Look for active members of the International Society of Aesthetic Plastic Surgery (ISAPS).
Hospital accreditation: Confirm the clinic has JCI accreditation and a Ministry of Health tourism license.
Academic standing: Higher titles like Associate Professor often indicate extensive research in complex reconstructive techniques.

Bookimed Expert Insight: Data shows that top Turkish revision experts like Dr. Halil Ibrahim Canter and Dr. Furkan Erol Karabekmez often hold prestigious U.S. fellowships from institutions like Mayo Clinic. This international exposure is vital for revision cases where surgeons must navigate altered tissue planes and residual glandular tissue.

Patient Consensus: Patients emphasize finding a surgeon who explains the specific strategy for managing persistent scar tissue. Many note that feeling confident in the doctor's plan for correcting 'crater deformities' or nipple asymmetry provided the most peace of mind during the journey.

What is the typical consultation process when selecting a gynecomastia revision surgeon in Istanbul?

Selecting a gynecomastia revision surgeon in Istanbul involves a structured process that blends virtual evaluation with clinical assessment. Board-certified specialists use initial photo reviews and previous surgical notes to identify issues like scar tissue or asymmetry. This ensures a transparent plan for corrective contouring before you travel.

Virtual photo review: Surgeons evaluate chest angles to distinguish between residual tissue and skin laxity.
Surgical report analysis: Reviewing previous operative notes helps doctors plan for complex scar tissue removal.
Direct video consultation: Surgeons like Dr. Hakan Bulam discuss realistic aesthetic goals and corrective techniques.
In-office physical palpation: Surgeons perform tactile exams in Istanbul to map underlying chest anatomy precisely.

Bookimed Expert Insight: Data shows that top-tier Istanbul revision surgeons often hold European Board (EBOPRAS) certifications. For example, Dr. Derya Bingol and Dr. Hakan Bulam both hold this credential. This international recognition is vital for revisions because these doctors are trained to handle tissues previously altered by surgery. Choosing a surgeon with EBOPRAS or American Society of Plastic Surgeons (ASPS) membership, like Dr. Halil Ibrahim Canter, signifies expertise in reconstructive techniques beyond standard liposuction.

Patient Consensus: Patients note that reliable doctors focus on the limitations of working with scar tissue rather than promising perfect results. They emphasize that the most valuable consultations happen when the surgeon explains whether the issue is a residual gland or just skin laxity. Many felt more confident when the coordinator asked for detailed previous operation reports early in the process.

Can Turkish surgeons offer a revision warranty for unsatisfactory gynecomastia results?

Turkish surgeons provide revision policies for gynecomastia results rather than unconditional warranties. Policies typically cover clinical issues like asymmetry or leftover tissue. Most clinics require a waiting period of over six months. Patients must pay for hospital fees and anesthesia during secondary procedures.

Clinical necessity: Surgeons approve revisions for medical indications like contour irregularities or scarring.
Financial coverage: Policies often waive surgeon fees but exclude hospital and anesthesia costs.
Timing protocol: Surgeons wait 6+ months for swelling to resolve before evaluating results.
Contractual protection: Written clauses help clarify specific fees for hospital stays and garments.

Bookimed Expert Insight: Data shows that top specialists like Dr. Halil Ibrahim Canter, who has 25+ years of experience, often handle complex revisions using advanced reconstructive techniques. While many clinics offer a 'surgeon fee waiver,' patients should prioritize doctors with European Board Certification (FEBOPRAS) to minimize the need for secondary corrections. This certification demonstrates a high standard of skill that reduces the likelihood of functional or aesthetic dissatisfaction.

Patient Consensus: Patients note that verbal promises of free care often disappear once they return home. Many emphasize the importance of getting every detail in writing before original surgery. They suggest asking specifically if a 'crater deformity' or 'residual gland' qualifies for a fee waiver.

What is the average fee range for gynecomastia revision by expert surgeons in Turkey?

Gynecomastia revision in Turkey typically costs between $3,500 and $4,200 due to the high complexity of corrective surgery. Expert surgeons hold prestigious European Board (EBOPRAS) certifications and specialize in fixing scar tissue, asymmetry, and contour irregularities from previous operations.

Specialized credentials: Leading surgeons hold European Board of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery certificates.
Academic expertise: Many specialists like Prof. Dr. Furkan Karabekmez have completed Mayo Clinic fellowships.
Microsurgical training: Doctors utilize advanced microsurgery techniques to manage dense scarring and glandular tissue.
Package inclusion: Fees typically include luxury hotel stays, VIP transfers, and specialized post-surgical compression garments.

Bookimed Expert Insight: While many clinics offer body contouring, patients requiring revision should prioritize surgeons with academic ranks like Associate Professor or Professor. Data shows these experts, such as Dr. Halil Ibrahim Canter, often have 50+ publications and specialized training in tissue regeneration, which is vital for correcting 'crater deformities' or severe scarring.

Patient Consensus: Patients note that revision surgery feels very different from the first operation because of existing scar tissue. They emphasize choosing an expert who explains that fixing an overdone primary surgery is harder than correcting an underdone one. Many were relieved to find that Turkish packages covered their medical garments and follow-up visits.

How can patients verify that a Turkish plastic surgeon is currently licensed and not retired or suspended?

Patients verify a Turkish plastic surgeon by requesting their Diploma Number and checking the Ministry of Health registry. Qualified specialists like Dr. Derya Bingol or Dr. Hakan Bulam often hold European Board of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery (EBOPRAS) certification. This confirms they are active and meet international surgical standards.

Ministry of Health: Validate the surgeon's Diploma Number through the official Sağlık Bakanlığı database.
Professional societies: Check membership in the Turkish Society of Plastic, Reconstructive, and Aesthetic Surgeons (TPRECD).
Board certification: Verify status via the European Board (EBOPRAS) or International Society (ISAPS) directories.
Facility authorization: Confirm the clinic holds a valid International Health Tourism Authorization Certificate.

Bookimed Expert Insight: Data shows that top-tier surgeons for gynecomastia revision often hold additional microsurgery certificates. For example, Dr. Ali Sadioglu and Dr. Caner Gelbal utilize these specialized certifications to manage complex tissue reconstruction. Patients should prioritize doctors with microsurgical training as it indicates a skill set for high-precision revision work.

Patient Consensus: Patients emphasize that an active license alone is not enough. They suggest checking for evidence of recent work, such as photos of revision cases from the last year. Many note that clinics refusing to provide a surgeon's full legal name are a major red flag.

I migliori medici di Chirurgia di revisione della ginecomastia a Bursa - TOP-2 medici

Richiedi preventivi da 3 migliori specialisti di Chirurgia di revisione della ginecomastia in Turchia